Problems

a) Two numbers, \(a\) and \(b\), are relatively prime and their product is equal to \(60\). What could these numbers be? Find all the possibilities.
b) The GCD of two numbers, \(c\) and \(d\), is \(18\) and their product is \(2^4 \times 3^5 \times 7\). What could these numbers be? Find all the answers.

a) Can you measure \(5\) litres of milk using two buckets of volumes \(4\) and \(11\) litres respectively?
b) Can you measure \(7\) litres of milk using buckets of volumes \(8\) and \(12\) litres respectively?

a) A mighty dragon has several rubies in his treasure. He is able to divide the rubies into groups of \(3\), \(5\) or \(11\). How many rubies does he have, if we know that is fewer than \(200\)?
b) The same dragon also has some emeralds. He is \(6\) emeralds short to be able to divide them into groups of \(13\), one emerald short to be able to divide them into groups of \(5\), but if he wants to divide them into groups of \(8\), he is left with one emerald. How many emeralds does he have if we know it is fewer than \(500\)?

Let \(n\) be a natural number. Show that the fraction \(\frac{21n+4}{14n+3}\) is irreducible, i.e. it cannot be simplified.

Let \(m\) and \(n\) be two positive integers with \(m<n\) such that \[\gcd(m,n)+ \text{lcm}(m,n)=m+n.\] Show that \(m\) divides \(n\).

The numbers \(x,a,b\) are natural. Show that \(\gcd(x^a -1,x^b-1) = x^{\gcd(a,b)}-1\).

What is logically the opposite of the statement “every \(n\) is odd or \(p<q\)"?

Let \(p\) be a prime number bigger than \(3\). Prove that \(p^2-1\) is a multiple of 24.

Is it possible to draw \(K_5\) without intersecting edges on a Möbius band? Recall that \(K_5\) is the complete graph on \(5\) vertices. That is, \(5\) points with an edge between every pair of different points.

In chess, knights can move one square in one direction and two squares in a perpendicular direction. This is often seen as an ‘L’ shape on a regular chessboard. A closed knight’s tour is a path where the knight visits every square on the board exactly once, and can get to the first square from the last square.

This is a closed knight’s tour on a \(6\times6\) chessboard.

Can you draw a closed knight’s tour on a \(3\times3\) torus? That is, a \(3\times3\) square with both pairs of opposite sides identified in the same direction, like the diagram below.