Problems

Let $n$ be an integer. Denote by $\varphi (n)$ the number of integers from $1$ to $n-1$ coprime to $n$. Find $\varphi (n)$ in the following cases:

• $n$ is a prime number.

• $n=p^k$ for a prime $p$.

• $n=pq$ for two different primes $p$ and $q$.

Let $n$ be an integer and let $a$ be an integer coprime to $n$. Prove that $a^{\varphi (n)-1}-1$ is divisible by $n$.

With a pile of four cards, does reversing the order of the pile by counting the cards out one by one leaves no card in its original position?

You have in your hands a royal flush! That is, Ace, King, Queen, Jack and $10$ of spades. How many shuffles of your hand swap the Ace and Jack?

In the diagram below, I wish to write the numbers $6,11,19,23,25,27$ and $29$ in the squares, but I want the sum of the numbers in the horizontal row to equal the sum of the numbers in the vertical column. What number should I put in the blue square with the question mark?

You have a row of coins and you can perform these three operations as many times as you like:

1. Remove three adjacent heads

2. Remove two adjacent tails

3. If there’s a tail followed by a heads, then turn the tail over and put a new tail after both heads

You apply these operations until you can’t make any more moves. Show that you will always get the same configuration at the end, no matter the order.

Let $a$ be a positive integer, and let $p$ be a prime number. Prove that $a^p-a$ is a multiple of $p$.

We ‘typically’ use the formula $\frac{1}{2}bh$ for the area of a triangle, where $b$ is the length of the base, and $h$ is the perpendicular height. Here’s another one, called Heron’s formula.

Call the sides of the triangle $a$, $b$ and $c$. The perimeter is $a+b+c$. We call half of this the semiperimeter, $s=\frac{a+b+c}{2}$. Then the area of this triangle is $$\sqrt{s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)}.$$ Prove this formula is correct.

We have a square of side length 1. At each vertex of the square, we draw a circle of radius 1. What is the area bounded by all four circles?

Today we will be finding the areas of some geometric figures. Here is a brief reminder of how to calculate the area of common shapes.

In the picture below, the area of the rectangle is $|AB|\times |AD|$.

The area of a triangle is given by $\frac{1}{2}bh$, where $b$ is the length of a chosen base and $h$ is the height. In this case, the segment $AB$ is the base and $CD$ is the altitude corresponding to the base $AB$.

The area of a circle with radius $r$ is $\pi r^2$. The number $\pi$ is approximately 3.14159 to five decimal points.