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A spherical sun is observed to have a finite number of circular sunspots, each of which covers less than half of the sun’s surface. These sunspots are said to be enclosed, that is no two sunspots can touch, and they do not overlap with one another. Prove that the sun will have two diametrically opposite points that are not covered by sunspots.

We consider a function \(y = f (x)\) defined on the whole set of real numbers and satisfying \(f (x + k) \times (1 - f (x)) = 1 + f (x)\) for some number \(k \ne 0\). Prove that \(f (x)\) is a periodic function.

Find the minimum for all \(\alpha\), \(\beta\) of the maximum of the function \(y (x) = | \cos x + \alpha \cos 2x + \beta \cos 3x |\).

The function \(f (x)\) for each real value of \(x\in (-\infty, + \infty)\) satisfies the equality \(f (x) + (x + 1/2) \times f (1 - x) = 1\).

a) Find \(f (0)\) and \(f (1)\). b) Find all such functions \(f (x)\).

Let \(M\) be the point of intersection of the medians of the triangle \(ABC\), and \(O\) an arbitrary point on a plane. Prove that \[OM^2 = 1/3 (OA^2 + OB^2 + OC^2) - 1/9 (AB^2 + BC^2 + AC^2).\]

Three non-coplanar vectors are given. Is it possible to find a fourth vector perpendicular to the three vectors given?

Find the volume of an inclined triangular prism whose base is an equilateral triangle with sides equal to a if the side edge of the prism is equal to the side of the base and is inclined to the plane of the base at an angle of \(60^{\circ}\).